This research examines the benefits of host language proficiency of Chinese expatriates working in Thailand. Host language proficiency is conceptualized in terms of linguistic and communicative competence. Anchored on social identity theory, this study tests whether the host language proficiency of Chinese expatriates affects their work engagement and to what extent host country nationals (HCN) support plays a mediating role. Survey data were collected from 15 Chinese subsidiaries in Thailand. In total, 413 valid questionnaires were gathered. Partial least square structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The results not only found a direct positive association between host language proficiency and work engagement but also confirmed that the HCN support partially mediated the linkage of host language proficiency and work engagement. The finding of this study adds a greater understanding of how and why host language proficiency can exert a beneficial influence on the work engagement of Chinese expatriates in Thailand. Based on the result, relevant practical implications are provided.
Keywords: expatriate, foreign language, social identity, social support, work engagementAbrams, D. E., & Hogg, M. A. (1990). Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances. Springer-Verlag Publishing.
Abugre, J. B., & Debrah, Y. A. (2019). Assessing the impact of cross-cultural communication competence on expatriate business operations in multinational corporations of a Sub-Saharan African context. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 19(1), 85-–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470595819839739
Afsar, B., Al-Ghazali, B. M., Cheema, S., & Javed, F. J. E. J. o. I. M. (2020). Cultural intelligence and innovative work behavior: tThe role of work engagement and interpersonal trust. Journal Name, vol #(issue #), page range. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-01-2020-0008
Akhal, K., & Liu, S. (2019). Cultural intelligence effects on expatriates’ adjustment and turnover intentions in Mainland China. Management Research Review, x(x), xx–xx. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1108/MRR-04-2018-0157
Albrecht, T. L., & Adelman, M. B. (1987). Communicating social support. Sage Publications.
Alzyoud, A. A., Othman, S. Z., & Mohd Isa, M. F. (2015). Examining the role of job resources on work engagement in the academic setting. Asian Social Science, 11(3), 103-–110. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n3p103
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and oOrganization rReview, 3(3), 335-–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of mManagement Journal, 48(2), 257-–281.
Björkman, A., & Piekkari, R. (2009). Language and foreign subsidiary control: An empirical test. Journal of International Management, 15(1), 105-–117. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2008.12.001
Bowe, H., Martin, K., & Manns, H. (2014). Communication across cultures: Mutual understanding in a global world. Cambridge University Press.
Caligiuri, P., Baytalskaya, N., & Lazarova, M. B. (2016). Cultural humility and low ethnocentrism as facilitators of expatriate performance. Journal of Global Mobility, 4(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-03-2015-0007
Caligiuri, P. M. (2000). Selecting expatriates for personality characteristics: A moderating effect of personality on the relationship between host national contact and cross-cultural adjustment. MIR: Management International Review, x, 61-–80.
Caligiuri, P. M., & Tung, R. L. (1999). Comparing the success of male and female expatriates from a US-based multinational company. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(5), 763-–782. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/095851999340143
Charoensukmongkol, P. (2019). The role of mindfulness in reducing English language anxiety among Thai college students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 22(4), 414-–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2016.1264359
Charoensukmongkol, P. (2020). The Efficacy of Cultural Intelligence for Adaptive Selling Behaviors in Cross-Cultural: The Moderating Effect of Trait Mindfulness, . Journal of Global Marketing, 33(3), 141-–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/08911762.2019.1654586
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Pandey, A. (2020). The influence of cultural intelligence on sales self-efficacy and cross-cultural sales presentations: does it matter for highly challenge-oriented salespeople? Management Research Review, 43(12), 1533-–1556. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2020-0060
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Phungsoonthorn, T. (2020). The Interaction Effect of Crisis Communication and Social Support on the Emotional Exhaustion of University Employees during the COVID-19 Crisis. International Journal of Business Communication. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420953188
Cole, M. S., Walter, F., Bedeian, A. G., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2012). Job burnout and employee engagement: A meta-analytic examination of construct proliferation. Journal of mManagement, 38(5), 1550-–1581. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206311415252
Crampton, S. M., & Wagner III, J. A., III. (1994). Percept-percept inflation in micro organizational research: An investigation of prevalence and effect. Journal of aApplied pPsychology, 79(1), 67-–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.1.67
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of mMarketing Research, 18(1), 39-–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224378101800104
Giles, H. (1977). Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations. London; New York: Academic Press.
Giles, H. (1978). Linguistic differentiation between ethnic groups. In A. Editor (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Subtitle (pp. 361-–393). Academic Press London.
Giles, H., & Byrne, J. L. (1982). An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 3(1), 17-–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1982.9994069
Giles, H., & Johnson, P. (1981). The role of language in ethnic group relations. In l Turner y H. Giles (Eds.), Intergroup behavior (pp. 199-–243). In. Chicago Il: University of Chicago Press.
Guang, X., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2020). The effects of cultural intelligence on leadership performance among Chinese expatriates working in Thailand. Asian Business & Management. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00112-4
Gudykunst, W. B. (2003). Cross-cultural and intercultural communication. Sage.
Gudykunst, W. B. (2005). An Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory of Strangers` Intercultural Adjustment. In A. Editor (Ed.), Theorizing About Intercultural Communication (pp. 491-–457). Sage Publications Ltd.
Gudykunst, W. B., Ting-Toomey, S., & Chua, E. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Sage Publications, Inc.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing tTheory and Practice, 19(2), 139-–152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage pPublications.
Hall, E. (1976). Beyond Culture. Anchor Press.
Harzing, A. W., & Feely, A. J. (2008). The language barrier and its implications for HQ‐subsidiary relationships. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 15(1), 49-–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810848827
Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Perspectives, 7(1), 81-–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1993.9409142061
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture`s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage pPublications.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online rReadings in pPsychology and cCulture, 2(1), 8-–26.
Huff, K. C. (2013). Language, cultural intelligence and expatriate success. Management Research Review, 36(6), 596-–612. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171311325750
Ito, S., & Varona, R. (2009). Degree of Social Distance between Japanese and Filipinos in Manila. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 9(2), 35-–48.
Jackson, T., & Horwitz, F. M. (2018). Expatriation in Chinese MNEs in Africa: aAn agenda for research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(11), 1856-–1878. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1284882
Jyoti, J., & Kour, S. (2017). Factors affecting cultural intelligence and its impact on job performance. Personnel Review, 46(4), 767–791. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-12-2015-0313
Kanazawa, H., & Loveday, L. (1988). The Japanese immigrant community in Brazil: Language contact and shift. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 9(5), 423-–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1988.9994347
Kim, K., & Slocum, J. W. (2008). Individual differences and expatriate assignment effectiveness: The case of US-based Korean expatriates. Journal of World Business, 43(1), 109-–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.10.005
Knutson, T. J., Komolsevin, R., Chatiketu, P., & Smith, V. R. (2003). A cross-cultural comparison of Thai and US American rhetorical sensitivity: Implications for intercultural communication effectiveness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27(1), 63-–78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00060-3
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (ijec), 11(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/DOI: 10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Kodish, S. (2017). Communicating organizational trust: An exploration of the link between discourse and action. International Journal of Business Communication, 54(4), 347-–368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2329488414525464
Lacap, J. P. G. (2019). The Mediating Effect of Employee Engagement on the Relationship of Transformational Leadership and Intention to Quit: Evidence from Local Colleges in Pampanga, Philippines. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 19(1), 33-–48.
Ladegaard, H. J., & Jenks, C. J. (2015). Language and intercultural communication in the workplace: Critical approaches to theory and practice. Language and Intercultural Communication, 15(1), 1-–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2014.985302
Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2015). Job engagement and work outcomes in a cognitively demanding context. Personnel Review, 44(4), 629-–647. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2013-0216
Lebra, T. S. (1987). The cultural significance of silence in Japanese communication. Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 6(4), 343-–358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.1987.6.4.343
Lee, M. C. C., Idris, M. A., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2017). The linkages between hierarchical culture and empowering leadership and their effects on employees’ work engagement: Work meaningfulness as a mediator. International Journal of sStress mManagement, 24(4), 392–415. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000043
Luo, Y., & Shenkar, O. (2006). The multinational corporation as a multilingual community: Language and organization in a global context. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 321-–339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400197
MacDonald, P., Kelly, S., & Christen, S. (2019). A path model of workplace solidarity, satisfaction, burnout, and motivation. International Journal of Business Communication, 56(1), 31-–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2329488414525467
Mahajan, A., & De Silva, S. R. (2012). Unmet role expectations of expatriates, host-country national support, and expatriate adjustment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 12(3), 349-–360. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470595812440153
Mahajan, A., & Toh, S. M. (2014). Facilitating expatriate adjustment: The role of advice-seeking from host country nationals. Journal of World Business, 49(4), 476-–487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2013.10.003
Marschan-Piekkari, R., Welch, D., & Welch, L. (1999). In the shadow: The impact of language on structure, power and communication in the multinational. International Business Review, 8(4), 421-–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(99)00015-3
Marschan, R., Welch, D., & Welch, L. (1997). Language: The forgotten factor in multinational management. European Management Journal, 15(5), 591-–598. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-2373(97)00038-8
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual rReview of pPsychology, 52(1), 397-–422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Mol, S. T., Born, M. P., Willemsen, M. E., & Van Der Molen, H. T. (2005). Predicting expatriate job performance for selection purposes: A quantitative review. Journal of cCross-cCultural pPsychology, 36(5), 590-–620. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022105278544
Nardon, L., Aten, K., & Gulanowski, D. (2015). Expatriate adjustment in the digital age: The co-creation of online social support resources through blogging. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 41-–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.04.001
Neal, M. (2016). The culture factor: Cross-national management and the foreign ventures. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14683-3
Neuliep, J. W. (2017). Intercultural communication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications.
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd eds.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pandey, A., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2019). Contribution of cultural intelligence to adaptive selling and customer-oriented selling of salespeople at international trade shows: dDoes cultural similarity matter? Journal of Asia Business Studies, 13(1), 79-–96. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-08-2017-0138
Park, Y. S., & Kim, B. S. (2008). Asian and European American cultural values and communication styles among Asian American and European American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1099-9809.14.1.47
Paulus, P., & Muehlfeld, K. (2017). Host country language skills and expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment in the presence of fear of terror. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research, 5(4), 418-–442. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-11-2016-0062
Peltokorpi, V. (2008). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1588-–1606. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802294903
Peltokorpi, V. (2010). Intercultural communication in foreign subsidiaries: The influence of expatriates’ language and cultural competencies. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26(2), 176-–188. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2010.02.003
Phungsoonthorn, T., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes associated with a sense of place toward the organization of Myanmar migrant workers in Thailand. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 39(2), 195-–218. https://doi.org/10.1108/edi-06-2019-0177
Piansoongnern, O. (2016). Chinese leadership and its impacts on innovative work behavior of the Thai employees. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 17(1), 15-–27. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/s40171-015-0110-4
Pongton, P., & Suntrayuth, S. (2019). Communication Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, Job Satisfaction, and Job Performance in Higher Education Institutions. ABAC Journal, 39(3), 90-–110.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior rResearch mMethods, iInstruments, & cComputers, 36(4), 717-–731.
Presbitero, A. (2017). It’s not all about language ability: mMotivational cultural intelligence matters in call center performance. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(11), 1547-–1562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1128464
Puyod, J. V., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2019). The contribution of cultural intelligence to the interaction involvement and performance of call center agents in cross-cultural communication: The moderating role of work experience. Management Research Review, 42(12), 1400-–1422. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-10-2018-0386
Rafiq, A., Saleem, S., Bashir, M., & Ali, A. (2019). The paradoxical role of extraversion in the cross-cultural adjustment process of Asian expatriates. Psychology rResearch and bBehavior mManagement, 12, 179-–194. https://doi.org/doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S191805
Ratasuk, A., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2020). Does cultural intelligence promote cross-cultural teams` knowledge sharing and innovation in the restaurant business? Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 12(2), 183-–203. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-05-2019-0109
Reiche, B. S., Harzing, A.-W., & Pudelko, M. (2017). Why and how does shared language affect subsidiary knowledge inflows? A social identity perspective. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Book title (pp. xx–xx). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42745-4_9
Sambasivan, M., Sadoughi, M., & Esmaeilzadeh, P. (2017). Investigating the factors influencing cultural adjustment and expatriate performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 66(8), 1002-–1019. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-10-2015-0160
SanAntonio, P. M. (1987). Social mobility and language use in an American company in Japan. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 6(3-4), 191-–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0261927X8763003
Sargent, J., & Matthews, L. (1998). Expatriate reduction and Mariachi circles: Trends in MNC human-resource practices in Mexico. International Studies of Management & Organization, 28(2), 74-–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1998.11656735
Saxena, V. (2019). Expatriate Encounters and Colonial Legacies: Discursive Constructions of Indian-ness in the Malaysian ICT workplace. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 19(2), 99–114.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(3), 293-–315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-–716. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness sStudies, 3(1), 71-–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Selmer, J. (2006). Language ability and adjustment: Western expatriates in China. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(3), 347-–368. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20099
Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2015). Host country language ability and expatriate adjustment: The moderating effect of language difficulty. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(3), 401-–420. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561238
Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2016). Work engagement and intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 16(1), 33-–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470595815622491
Seriwatana, P., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2020). Cultural intelligence and relationship quality in the cabin crew team: The perception of members belonging to cultural minority groups. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 1-–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2020.1821431
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(3), 557-–581. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490083
Singelis, T. M., & Brown, W. J. (1995). Culture, self, and collectivist communication: Linking culture to individual behavior. Human communication research, 21(3), 354-–389. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00351.x
Sokro, E., & Moeti-Lysson, J. (2018). The role of host country nationals’ support in expatriate adjustment and assignment success: a case of Ghana. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 13(3), 95-–113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2018/v13n3a5
Suthatorn, P., & Charoensukmongkol, P. (2018). Cultural intelligence and airline cabin crews members` anxiety: The mediating roles of intercultural communication competence and service attentiveness. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 17(4), 423-–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332845.2018.1449559
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The Social Iidentity Theory of Inter-group Behavior., iIn S. Worchel and & L. W. Austin (edsEds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. xx–xx). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Oxford University Press Inc.
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002). An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of aApplied pPsychology, 87(4), 655-–666. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/DOI:10.1037//0021-9010.87.4.655
Taylor, D. M., Bassili, J. N., & Aboud, F. E. (1973). Dimensions of ethnic identity: An example from Quebec. The Journal of Social Psychology, 89(2), 185-–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1973.9922590
Toh, S. M., & DeNisi, A. S. (2005). A local perspective to expatriate success. Academy of Management Perspectives, 19(1), 132-–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2005.15841966
Tu, C.-K., Chen, C.-S., & Lam, K. C. (2019). Happy expatriates have higher cross-cultural adjustment and retention? a study of Chinese expatriates in Thailand. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management and E-Learning (pp. xx–xx). Publisher.,
Tung, R. L. (1993). Managing cross‐national and intra‐national diversity. Human rResource mManagement, 32(4), 461-–477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930320404
Van der Laken, P., van Engen, M., van Veldhoven, M., & Paauwe, J. (2016). Expatriate support and success: A systematic review of organization-based sources of social support. Journal of Global Mobility, 4(4), 408-–431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-11-2015-0057
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2015). Development and validation of the CQS: The cultural intelligence scale. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Subtitle (pp. 34-–56). Routledge.
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., Ng, K. Y., Rockstuhl, T., Tan, M. L., & Koh, C. (2012). Sub‐dimensions of the four factor model of cultural intelligence: Expanding the conceptualization and measurement of cultural intelligence. Social and pPersonality pPsychology cCompass, 6(4), 295-–313. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00429.x
Varma, A., Budhwar, P., & Pichler, S. (2011). Chinese host country nationals` willingness to help expatriates: The role of social categorization. Thunderbird International Business Review, 3(53), 353-–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20413
Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(5), 491-–499. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199709)18:5<491::AID-JOB804>3.0.CO;2-I
Xanthopoulou, D., Baker, A. B., Heuven, E., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Working in the sky: A diary study on work engagement among flight attendants. Journal of oOccupational hHealth pPsychology, 13(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1076-8998.13.4.345
Zhang, L. E., & Harzing, A.-W. (2016). From dilemmatic struggle to legitimized indifference: Expatriates’ host country language learning and its impact on the expatriate-HCE relationship. Journal of World Business, 51(5), 774-–786. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.06.001
Zhang, L. E., & Peltokorpi, V. (2016). Multifaceted effects of host country language proficiency in expatriate cross-cultural adjustments: a qualitative study in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(13), 1448-–1469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1072104
Zhang, Y., Wei, X., & Zhou, W. (2017). An asymmetric cross-cultural perspective on the mediating role of conflict management styles in expatriation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 28(5), 592-–611. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-06-2016-0052
Zhu, C. J., De Cieri, H., Fan, D., & Zhang, M. M. (2018). Expatriate management in emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs): rReflection and future research agenda. The Indian Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(11), 1787-–1798. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1335997