The study examines the experiences, coping strategies, and responses of Filipino migrant domestic workers (FMDW) to inequalities amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The collected narratives of migrant leaders from Italy, the U.K., and Hong Kong reveal that FMDWs employ their notions, ethics, and practices of care/care work in coping with the structural and social inequalities caused by the pandemic. We argue that the labor of care exhibited by FMDWs goes beyond the dichotomies of paid work and unpaid obligations of social reproduction. A “community of care” is manifested, which fosters community-building and solidarity in response to social exclusion and inequalities brought about by the COVID-19 crisis. The narratives also indicate a dynamic realignment of care circulation, with FMDWs becoming agents of multidirectional care.
Keywords: multidirectionality of care, community of care, migrant domestic workers, COVID-19Ardi, S., & Murwaningsari, E. (2018). Financial performance determination, earnings quality, intellectual capital and company value. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 15(5), 1-–16.
Ariff, A. H. M., Islam, A., & van Zijl, T. (2016). Intellectual capital and market performance: The case of multinational R & D firms in the US. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(5), 487-–495. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2016.0052
Azizi, A., Davoudi, H., & Farrahani, M. S. (2013). Investigating the relationship between Intellectual intellectual Capital capital and Earnings earnings Quality quality in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 825-–837.
Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27(6), 643-–650. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014920630102700602
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–xxxx.
Bayraktaroglu, A. E., Calisir, F., & Baskak, M. (2019). Intellectual capital and firm performance: An extended VAIC model. Journal of Intellectual Capital,. 20(3), 406-–425. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-12-2017-0184
Beiner, S., Schmid, M. M., & Wanzenried, G. (2011). Product market competition, managerial incentives, and firm valuation. European Financial Management, 17(2), 331-–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036X.2009.00505.x
Bontis, N. (1998). Intellectual capital: An exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management decisionDecision, 36(2), 63-–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251749810204142
Bontis, N., Ciambotti, M., Palazzi, F., & Sgro, F. (2018). Intellectual capital and financial performance in social cooperative enterprises. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(4), 712-–731. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-03-2017-0049
Bozzolan, S., Fabrizi, M., Mallin, C. A., & Michelon, G. (2015). Corporate social responsibility and earnings quality: International evidence. The International Journal of Accounting, 50(4), 361-–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2015.10.003
Cenciarelli, V. G., Greco, G., & Allegrini, M. (2018). Does intellectual capital help predict bankruptcy?. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(2), 321-–337. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-03-2017-0047
Cheng, P., Man, P., & Yi, C. H. (2013). The impact of product market competition on earnings quality. Accounting & Finance, 53(1), 137-–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2011.00457.x
Chetty, S., Naidoo, R., & Seetharam, Y. (2015). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firms’ financial performance in South Africa. Contemporary Economics, 9(2), 193-–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.167
Chowdhury, L. A. M., Rana, T., & Azim, M. I. (2019). Intellectual capital efficiency and organizational performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 20(6), 784-–806. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-10-2018-0171
Conner, K. R., & Prahalad, C. K. (1996). A resource-based theory of the firm: Knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5), 477-–501. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.7.5.477
Darabi, R., Rad, S. K., & Ghadiri, M. (2012). The relationship between intellectual capital and earnings quality. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering, and Technology, 4(20), 4192-–4199.
Datta, S., Iskandar-Datta, M., & Singh, V. (2013). Product market power, industry structure, and corporate earnings management. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(8), 3273-–3285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.03.012
Dechow, P. M., & Dichev, I. D. (2002). The quality of accruals and earnings: The role of accrual estimation errors. The Accounting Review, 77(s-1), 35-–59. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.s-1.35
Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1995). Detecting earnings management. Accounting Review, 193-225. 70(2), 193-–225.
Dechow, P., Ge, W., & Schrand, C. (2010). Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants, and their consequences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2-3), 344-–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.001
Demerjian, P. R., Lev, B., Lewis, M. F., & McVay, S. E. (2013). Managerial ability and earnings quality. The Accounting Review, 88(2), 463-–498. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50318
Dhaliwal, D. S., Huang, S. X., Khurana, I. K., & Pereira, R. (2008). Product market competition and accounting conservatism. Review of Accounting Studies, 19(4), 1309-–1345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-013-9267-2
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65-–91. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9503271992
Dženopoljac, V., Janoševic, S., & Bontis, N. (2016). Intellectual capital and financial performance in the Serbian ICT industry. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(2), 373-–396. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-07-2015-0068
Dzhioev, A. V., & Gurieva, L. K. (2020, January). The intellectual capital Role in market growth of companies in developed and emerging markets. In First International Volga Region Conference on Economics, Humanities and Sports (FICEHS 2019) (pp. 107-111). Atlantis Press.
Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M. (1997). Intellectual capital: Realizing your company’s true value by finding its hidden brainpower. Harper Business, New York, NY.
Enomoto, M. (2018). ross-country research on earnings quality: A literature review and future opportunities (Discussion Paper DP2018-06). Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration. https://www.rieb.kobe-u.ac.jp/academic/ra/dp/English/DP
2018-06.pdf
Enomoto, M., Kimura, F., & Yamaguchi, T. (2015). Accrual-based and real earnings management: An international comparison for investor protection. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 11(3), 183-–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2015.07.001
Ferrari, G. D. C. E. R., & Pisano, V. (2016). Earnings management and goodwill impairment: An empirical analysis in the Italian M & A context. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 17(1), 120-–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2015-0081
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder perspective. Boston: Pitman, 13.
Giroud, X., & Mueller, H. M. (2010). Does corporate governance matter in competitive industries?. Journal of Financial Economics, 95(3), 312-–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2009.10.008
Grant, R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114-–135. https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41166664
Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-–383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365
Holienka, M., & Pilková, A. (2014). Impact of intellectual capital and its components on firm performance before and after crisis. Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(4), 261-–272.
Inkinen, H. (2015). "Review of empirical research on intellectual capital and firm performance.," Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(3), 518-–565. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-01-2015-0002
Kannan, G., & Aulbur, W. G. (2004). Intellectual capital: measurement Measurement effectiveness. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5(3), 389-–413. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930410550363
Khajavi, S., Ghadirian-Arani, M. H., & Fattahi-Nafchi, H. (2016). Intellectual capital and earnings quality: a A comprehensive investigation. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 13(4), 316-–337. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2016.079353
Kianto, A., & Andreeva, T. (2014). Knowledge management practices and results in service‐oriented versus product‐oriented companies. Knowledge and Process Management, 21(4), 221-–230. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1443
Kianto, A., Andreeva, T., & Pavlov, Y. (2013). The impact of intellectual capital management on company competitiveness and financial performance. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 11(2), 112-–122. https://doi.org/10.1057/kmrp.2013.9
Kianto, A., Ritala, P., Spender, J. C., & Vanhala, M. (2014). "The interaction of intellectual capital assets and knowledge management practices in organizational value creation.," Journal of Intellectual Capital, 15(3), 362-–375. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-05-2014-0059
Kim, T., Kim, W. G., Park, S. S.-S., Lee, G., & Jee, B. (2012)., “ Intellectual capital and business performance: what What structural relationships do they have in upper-upscale hotels?.”, International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(4), 391-–408. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1868
Kim, Y., Park, M. S., & Wier, B. (2012). Is earnings quality associated with corporate social responsibility?. The Accounting Review, 87(3), 761-–796. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10209
Komnenic, B., and & Pokrajčić, D., (2012). Intellectual capital and corporate performance of MNCs in Serbia. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 13(1), 106-–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691931211196231
Madhumathi, R., & Ranganatham, M. (2011). Earnings quality, corporate governance, and firm performance. Corporate Governance and Firm Performance. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1867869
Martínez-Ferrero, J. (2014). Consequences of financial reporting quality on corporate performance: Evidence at the international level. Estudios de Economía, 41(1), 49-–88.
Mojtahedi, P. (2013). The impact of intellectual capital on earnings quality: Evidence from Malaysian firms. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 535-–540.
Molodchik, M. A., Shakina, E. A., and & Barajas, A. (2014). ‘Metrics for the elements of intellectual capital in an economy driven by knowledge.’, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 15(2), 206–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-08-2013-0091
Moore, G. (2001). Corporate social and financial performance: An investigation in the UK supermarket industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(3-–4), 299-–315. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012537016969
Mutuc, E. B., Lee, J. S., & Tsai, F. S. (2019). Doing good with creative accounting? Linking corporate social responsibility to earnings management in market economy, country, and business sector contexts. Sustainability, 11(17), 4568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174568
Nimtrakoon, S. (2015). The relationship between intellectual capital, firms’ market value and financial performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital,. 16(3), 587-–618. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-09-2014-0104
Nuryaman, Kartadjumena, E., & Arnan, S. G. (2019). The influence of intellectual capital on earnings management through real activities manipulation in Indonesian manufacturing companies. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 18(3), 277-–291. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.2019.102724
Public, A. (1998). Measuring the performance of intellectual potential in the knowledge economy. In 2nd McMaster World Congress on Measuring and Managing Intellectual Capital by the Austrian Team for Intellectual Potential (pp. 1-20).
Public, A. (2004). Intellectual capital–does it create or destroy value? Measuring Business Excellence, 8(1), 62-–68. https://doi.org/10.1108/13683040410524757
Ramadan, I. Z. (2015). Earnings quality determinants of the Jordanian manufacturing listed companies. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(5), 140-–146.
Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (2003). Intellectual capital and firm performance of US multinational firms: A study of the resource-based and stakeholder views. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(2), 215-–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930310472839
Roychowdhury, S. (2006). Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3), 335-–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.01.002
Saleh, N. M., Jaffar, R., & Yatim, P. (2013). Family ownership, related-party transactions and earnings quality. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting and Finance (AAMJAF), 9(1), 129-–153.
Sardo, F., & Serrasqueiro, Z. (2018). Intellectual capital, growth opportunities, and financial performance in European firms: Dynamic panel data analysis. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(4), 747-–767. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-07-2017-0099
Sarea, A., & Alansari, S. H. (2016). The relationship between intellectual capital and earnings quality: evidence Evidence from listed firms in Bahrain Bourse. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 13(4), 302-–315. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2016.079350
Singh, P. J., Sethuraman, K., & Lam, J. Y. (2017). Impact of CSR dimensions on firm value: Some evidence from Hong Kong and China. Sustainability, 9(9), 1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091532
Smriti, N., & Das, N. (2018). The impact of intellectual capital on firm performance: A study of Indian firms listed in COSPI. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(5), 935-–964. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-11-2017-0156
Surroca, J., Tribó, J. A., & Waddock, S. (2010). Corporate responsibility and financial performance: The role of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 31(5), 463-–490. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.820
Sveiby, K. E. (2010). Methods for measuring intangible assets. Retrieved at: from http://www.sveiby.com/articles/IntangibleMethods.html
Tan, P. H., Plowman, D., & Hancock, P. (2007). Intellectual capital and financial returns of companies. Journal of Intellectual capitalCapital, 8(1), 76-–95. https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930710715079
Tran, N. P., & Vo, D. H. (2020). Do banks accumulate a higher level of intellectual capital? Evidence from an emerging market. Journal of Intellectual Capital. Advance online publication. -- https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-03-2020-0097
Tsai, C. H., & Mutuc, E. B. (2020). Evidence in Asian food industry: Intellectual capital, corporate financial performance, and corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020663
Vazifehdoust, H., Khajenasir, M., & Karami, H. (2014). A study on the effect of intellectual capital on firm performance: Evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange. Management Science Letters, 4(3), 559-–566. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2014.1.008
Vishnu, S., & Gupta, V. K. (2014). Intellectual capital and performance of pharmaceutical firms in India. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 15(1), 83-–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2013-0049
Wang, S. F., Jou, Y. J., Chang, K. C., & Wu, K. W. (2014). Industry competition, agency problems, and firm performance. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 17(4), 76-–93.
Watts, R. L., & Zimmerman, J. L. (1990). Positive accounting theory: A ten-year perspective. Accounting Review, 65(1), 131-–156.
Williams, D. R. (2013). Human and financial capital as determinants of biopharmaceutical IPO de-listings. Journal of Business Research, 66(12), 2612-–2618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.05.019
Xu, J., & Li, J. (2019). The impact of intellectual capital on SMEs’ performance in China. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 20(4), 488-–509. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-04-2018-0074
Xu, J., & Liu, F. (2020). Nexus between intellectual capital and financial performance: an investigation of the Chinese manufacturing industry. Journal of Business Economics and Management, (in press), 1-–19. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.13888
Yang, Y. (2018). Do aggressive pro forma earnings-reporting firms have difficulty disclosing intellectual capital? Australian evidence. Journal of Intellectual Capital,. 19(5), 875-–896. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-03-2017-0051
Zanjirdar, M., & Chogha, M. (2012). Evaluation of the relationship between the intellectual capital and earning quality indexes in emerging economies: A case study of Iran`s financial market. African Journal of Business Management, 6(38), 10312. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.2545
Zhang, R., Zhu, J., Yue, H., & Zhu, C. (2010). Corporate philanthropic giving, advertising intensity, and industry competition level. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(1), 39-–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0248-0