Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with anodes fabricated using an alloy of silica (SiO2) and lithium have increased capacity to store energy. SiO2 derived from cheap sources like rice hull (RH) can be doped with a metallic compound to increase its performance. In this study, SiO2 extracted from RH via acid precipitation was doped with varying percentages of iron (Fe) at different calcination temperatures. Various analysis techniques were employed to investigate the micro and physical structure of the synthesized SiO2. Electrochemical characterization of the samples calcined at 800°C revealed higher open-circuit values (OCV), lithiation and delithiation capacity, and Coulombic efficiency than those calcined at 400°C. Higher OCV and lithiation and delithiation capacity were obtained from samples with 5%-dopant compared to those with 10%-dopant. Highest OCV, lithiation and delithiation capacities obtained from the samples calcined at 400°C with 5%-dopant were 2.916V, 959.52 mAh∙g-1, and 238.58 mAh∙g-1, respectively.
Keywords: energy storage devices, silica from rice hull, acid precipitation, electrochemistry, nanosilica[1] Adams, F., Ikotun, B., Patrick, D., & Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A. (2013). Characterization of rice hull ash and its performance in turbidity removal from water. Particulate Science and Technology 32(4), 329-333.
[2] Bansal, V., Ahman, A., & Sastry, M. (2006). Fungus mediated biotransformation of amorphous silica in rice husks to nanocrystalline silica. Journal of American Chemical Society, 128(43), 14059-14066.
[3] Bhanvase, B., & Pawade, V. (2018). Advanced nanomaterials for green energy: Current status and future perspectives. In B. Bhanbase et al. (Eds.), Nanomaterials for Green Energy. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[4] Caldona, E.B., de Leon, A.C.C., Thomas, P.G., Naylor III, D.F., Pajarito, B.B., & Advincula, R.C. (2017). Superhydrophobic Rubber-Modified Polybenzoxazine/SiO2 Nanocomposite Coating with Anticorrosion, Anti-Ice, and Superoleophilicity Properties. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 56(6), 1485-1497.
[5] Caldona, E.B., Sibaen, J.W., Tactay, C.B., Mendiola, S.L.D., Abance, C.B., Anes, M.P., Serrano, F.D.D., & de Guzman, M.M.S. (2019). Preparation of Spray-Coated Surfaces from Green-Formulated Superhydrophobic Coatings. Applied Sciences 1, 12, 1657.
[6] Cervera, R.B., Suzuki, N., Ohnishi, T., Osada, M., Mitsuishi, K., Kambara, T., & Takada, K. (2014). High performance silicon-based anodes in solid-state lithium batteries. Energy & Environmental Science, 7(2), 662-666.
[7] Chakraverty, A., Mishra, P., & Banerjee H.D. (1985). Investigation of thermal decomposition of rice husk. Thermochima Acta, 94, 267-275.
Chang, W., Park, C., Kim, J., Kim, Y., Jeong, G., & Sohn, H. (2012). Quartz (SiO2): a new energy storage anode material for Li-ion batteries. Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 6895-6899.
[8] Cui, J., Cheng, F., Lin, J., Yang, J., Jiang, K., Wen, Z., & Sun, J. (2017). High surface area C/SiO2 composites from rice husks as a high-performance anode for lithium ion batteries. Powder Technology, 311, 1-8.
[9] Dai, F., Yi, R., Gordin, M.L., Chen, S., & Wang, D. (2012). Amorphous Si/SiOx/SiO2 nanocomposites via facile scalable synthesis as anode materials for Li-ion batteries with long cycling life. RSC Advances, 2(33), 12710.
[10] Ferreira, C.S., Dos Santos, P.L., Bonacin, J., Passos, R.R., & Pocrifka, L. (2015). Rice husks reuse in the preparation of SnO2/SiO2 nanocomposites. Materials Research, 18(3), 639-643.
[11] Garrido, C., & Cervera, R. (2015). Synthesis of amorphous Fe-doped SiO2 anode nanomaterial via sol-gel method. Advanced Materials Research, 1119, 38-42.
[12] Genieva, S., Tumanova, S., Dimitrova, A., & Vlaev, L. (2008). Characterization of rice husks and the products of its thermal degradation in air or nitrogen atmosphere. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 93(2), 387-396.
[13] Jin, Y., Zhu, B., Lu, Z., Liu, N., & Zhu, J. (2017). Challenges and Recent Progress in the development of Si anodes for lithium-ion battery. Advanced Energy Materials, 7, 1700715.
[14] Ju, Y., Tang, J.A., Zhu, K., Meng, Y., Wang, C., Chen, G., Wei, Y., & Gao, Y. (2016). SiOx/C composite from rice husks as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta 191, 411-416.
[15] Hossain, S.S., Mathur, L., & Roy, P.K. (2018). Rice husk/rice husk ash as an alternative source of silica in ceramics: A review. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 6(4), 299-313.
[16] Kim, H.J., Choi, J.H., & Choi, J.W. (2017). Rice husk-originating silicon–graphite composites for advanced lithium ion battery anodes. Nano Convergence, 4(1), 24.
[17] Li, J. (2012). Understanding degradation and lithium diffusion in lithium ion battery electrodes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
[18] Liou, T.H., & Yang, C.C. (2011). Synthesis and surface characteristics of nanosilica produced from alkali-extracted rice husk ash. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 176(7), 521-529.
[19] Liu, H., Guo, Z., Wang, J., & Konstantinov, K. (2010). Si-based anode materials for lithium rechargeable batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20(45), 10055.
[20] Liu, N., Huo, K., McDowell, M., Zhao, J., & Cui, Y. (2013). Rice husks as a sustainable source of nanostructured silicon for high performance Li-ion battery anodes. Scientific Reports, 3, 1919.
[21] Liu, X., & Huang, J.Y. (2011) In situ TEM electrochemistry of anode materials in lithium ion batteries. Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 3844-3860.
[22] Ma, D., Cao, Z., & Hu, A. (2014). Si-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries: A mini review. Nano-Micro Letters, 6(4), 347–358.
[23] Ma, X., Zhang, M., Liang, C. Li, Y., Wu, J., & Che, R. (2015). Inheritance of crystallographic orientation during lithiation/delithiation processes of single-crystal α-Fe2O3 nanocubes in lithium-ion batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 7(43), 24191-24196.
[24] Manthiram, A. (2009). Materials for high-energy density batteries. In S. Priya and D.J. Inman (Eds.), Energy Harvesting Technologies. Germany: Springer.
[25] Mirasol, E., & Cervera, R. (2015). Production of amorphous and crystalline silica from Philippine waste rice hull. Advanced Materials Research, 1098, 80-85.
[26] Mukanova, A., Jetybayeva, A., Myung, S., Kim, S., & Bakenov, Z., (2018). Amini-review on the development of Si-based thin film anodes for Li-ion batteries. Materials Today Energy, 9, 49-66.
[27] Music, S., Filipovic-Vincekovic, N., & Sekovanic L. (2011). Precipitation Of Amorphous SiO2 Particles And Their Properties. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28, 89-94.
[28] Ong, H.R., Iskandar, W.M., & Khan, M.R. (December 24th 2019). Rice Husk Nanosilica Preparation and Its Potential Application as Nanofluids [Online First], IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89904. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/rice-husk-nanosilica-preparation-and-its-potential-application-as-nanofluids
[29] Park, C.M., Kim, J.H., Kim, H., & Sohn, H.J. (2010) Li-alloy based anode materials for Li Secondary batteries. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(8), 3115-3141.
[30] Phonphuak, N. & Chindaprasit, O. (2015). Type of waste, properties, and durability of pore-forming waste-based fired masonry bricks. In F. Pacheco-Torgal et al. (Eds.), Eco-Efficient Masonry Bricks and Blocks. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[31] Prado, K., & Spinace, M. (2015). Characterization of fibers from pineapple’s crown, rice husks and cotton textile residues. Materials Research, 18(3), 530-537.
[32] Sethurma, V., Srinivasan, V., & Newman, J. (2012). Analysis of electrochemical lithiation and delithiation kinetics in silicon. Journal of Electrochemical Society, 160(2), A394-A403.
[33] Wang, W., Martin, J., Zhang, N., Ma, C., Han, A., & Sun, L. (2011). Harvesting silica nanoparticles from rice husks. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 13(12), 6981-6990.
[34] Wen, Z., Lu, G., Mao, S., Kim, H., Cui, S., Yu, K., Huang, X., Hurley, P.T., Mao, O.O., & Chen, J. (2013). Silicon nanotube anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemistry Communications, 29, 67-70.
[35] Wu, Y., Wang, W., Ming, J., Li, M., Xie, L., He, X., Wang, J., Liang, S., & Wu, Y. (2019). An exploration of new energy storage system: High energy density, high safety, and fast charging lithium ion battery. Advanced Functional Materials, 29(1), 1-7.
[36] Yin C., & Goh, B. (2011). Thermal degradation of rice husks in air and nitrogen: thermogravimetric and kinetic analyses. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 34, 246-252.
[37] Zhang, J., Lu, B., Song, Y., & Ji, X. (2012). Diffusion induced stress in layered Li-ion battery electrode plates. Journal of Power Sources, 209, 220-227.
[38] Zhao, K., Tritsaris, G.A., Pharr, M., Wang, W.L., Okeke, O., Suo, Z., & Kaxiras, E. (2012) Reactive flow in silicon electrodes assisted by the insertion of lithium. Nano Letters, 12(8), 4397-4403.