In Fryer’s (2007) discussion about Gardner’s (2007a; 2007ab) “‘5 minds”’ and what it takes to develop an ethical mind-set., tThe five minds discussed included the disciplined mind, the synthesizing mind, the creating mind, the respectful mind, and finally the ethical mind. Specifically, the disciplined mind was stated to be what we gain through applying ourselves in a disciplined way in school which eventually leads to our professional expertise. It is our ability to master information and is not simply knowing a particular subject but “‘learning to think the way people who are experts in the field think,”’ which should be a skill developed by the end of secondary school (Young, 2006, p. #). As stated in the University of Hawaii The “Distance” (2016) article, successful online learning requires students to be self-directed, self-motivated, and self-disciplined. This is consistent with the research from Duckworth and Seligman (2005), which indicated that self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents. Roper (2007) also identified seven successful tips for online students and indicated that the most important was the student`s ability to develop a time-management strategy to help manage course requirements as an independent learner. Therefore, students that have a disciplined mind are far more likely to succeed in a technologically advanced environment where independence is part of the education environment’s criteria (Dille & Mezack, 1991). Trilling and Fadel (2009) indicated that collaborative work required the ability to assume shared responsibility and value individual contributions made by each team member. Communication and collaboration skills can be learned through a variety of methods (e.g., project-based learning, problem-based learning, and design-based learning). Digital literacy and the associated skills are thus becoming the basic and essential skill set of any employer that wishes to survive in a highly competitive world (Phuapan, Viriyavejakul, & Pimdee, 2016). Also, research on teaching communication and collaboration skills encourages direct and mediated communication, working with others on team projects, and performance-based learning and assessment (Partnership for 21st Century Learning, 2009; Reeve, 2016).
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