Hope is the process of thinking about one’s goals, along with the motivation to move toward those goals (agency), and the ways to achieve those goals (pathways) (Snyder, 1995). Snyder et al. (1991) further looked at hope not as an emotion but rather a dynamic cognitive motivational system. Given such premise, emotions follow cognitions in the process of pursuing one’s goal (Snyder, 2000a). Moreover, hope can also be measured as a cross-situational construct that positively correlates with self-esteem, perceived problem- solving capabilities, perceptions of control, optimism, positive affectivity, and positive outcome expectancies (Snyder et al., 1991). Hope theory proposes that goals themselves do not produce behavior, but rather, people’s views of themselves as being agents capable of initiating (agency) and implementing (pathways) actions to pursue valued personal goals (i.e., going to college) produce the helpless or mastery-oriented responses (Snyder et al., 2002).
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