English preposition is one of the hardest features to learn and master, especially by ‘nonnative’ speakers of the English language; hence, several Filipinos tend to interchange particle/preposition in phrasal verbs (PhVs) (e.g., fill up and fill out). As such, this study aimed to compare the semantic features and idiomatic status of selected same-verb different-particle PhVs, and describe their syntactic features utilizing the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-PHI) and the Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE) Philippines. This study revealed evidence that clearly shows the interchange of particle/preposition for the same verb. A new meaning has been found for two PhVs. Most of the PhVs follow the type 2 (transitive) pattern, while others follow the type 1 (intransitive) pattern. They generally occur in the medial position, rarely in the beginning position, and very rarely in the final position. The study suggests that despite the interchange, Filipinos generally follow the American English (AmE) usage of PhVs. Also, despite the fact that PhV is not an inherent characteristic in the first language, Filipinos still show adequate knowledge and proficiency in the use of PhVs in their utterances. The interchange of particle/preposition may be considered as an emerging feature of Philippine English (PhE).
Keywords: Language variation, Philippine English, phrasal verbs, semanticsAllen, S. (2016). Talk to vs. talk with–which should I use? https://www.grammarly.com/blog/talk-to-vs-talk-with/
Anderson, S.R. (1992). A-morphous morphology. Cambridge University Press.
Bautista, M.L.S. (Ed.). (2011). Some notes on ‘no’ in Philippine English. Anvil Publishing, Inc.Philippine English: Linguistic and literary perspectives. Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Bautista, M.L.S., & Bolton, K. (Eds.). (2009). Philippine English: Linguistic and literary perspectives. Anvil Publishing, Inc
Bautista, M.L.S., Lising, J.L.V., & Dayag, D.T. (2004). Philippine English data for the International Corpus of English projectDe La Salle University.
Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of Longman.
Biermeier, T. (2011). Lexical trends in Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the international corpus of English (pp. 223-247). Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Borlongan, A.M. (2011). Some aspects of the morphosyntax of Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 187-200). Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Borlongan, A.M. (2016). Relocating Philippine English in Schneider’s dynamic model. Asian Englishes, 18(3), 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2016.1223067
Cambridge Dictionary (2018). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/
Chua, R.M., Ferrer, R., Quijano, L.J., & Santos., J.A ( 2015). Interference between Filipino and English prepositions: A comparative analysis of male and female Filipino bilingual learners in the World Englishes paradigm in the Philippine setting. Proceedings of the , 3, 1-9.
Collins Dictionary (2018). https://www.collinsdictionary.com/
Collins, P. (2011). Variable agreement in the existential there-construction in Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 175-186). Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Coronel, L.M., (2011). Patterns of intensifier usage in Philippine English. In M.L.S Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 93-116). Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Dagut, M., & Laufer, B. (1985). Avoidance of phrasal verbs—A case for contrastive analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100005167
David, A.C.M. (2019). The modal must in Philippine English: A corpus-based analysis. Journal of English as an International Language, 13(2.2), 211-218.
Davies, M. (2015). Introducing the 1.9 Billion Word Global Web-Based English Corpus (GloWbE). 21st.
Dita, S.N. (2011). The grammar and semantics of adverbial disjuncts in Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 33-50). Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Dita, S.N., & Borlongan, A.M. (2020). [Special Online Lecture].
Ella, J.R., & Dita, S.N. (2017). The phrasal-prepositional verbs in Philippine English: A corpus-based analysis. 31st, 34-41. Cebu City, the Philippines
English Oxford Living Dictionaries. (2018). Compare with or compare to? https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/usage/compare-with-or-compare-to
Espresso English.(n.d.). Talk to or talk with? (n.d.). https://www.espressoenglish.net/talk-to-or-talk-with/ Friginal, E. (2011). The modal verb in spoken and written Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 51-74). Anvil Publishing, Inc
Gonzales, W.D.W. (2017). Philippine Englishes. Asian Englishes, 19(1), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574.
Gonzalez, A. (1983). When does an error become a feature of Philippine English? In R.B. Noss (Ed.), Varieties of English in Southeast Asia (pp. 150-172). RELC Anthology Series Number 11.
Gonzalez, A. (1996). Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Readings in Philippine sociolinguistics (pp. 88-92). De La Salle University Press.
Hundt, M. (2011). The committee has/have decided… On concord patterns with collective nouns in inner- and outer-circle varieties of English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 117-144). Anvil Publishing, Inc
Iacobini, C. (2009). Phrasal verbs between syntax and lexicon. Rivista de Linguistica, 21(1), 97-117.Studies in Language Learning, 4, 54-76. English in the (pp. 11-30). Cambridge University Press.,
Karachi, B.B. (1983). Regional norms for English. Studies in Language Learning. 4,54-76
Karachi, B.B. (1985). Standards, codification, and sociolinguistic realism. The English Language in the outer circle. In R. Quirk,& H. Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning of language and literature. (pp. 11-30). Cambridge University Press.
Karachi, B.B. (1990). World Englishes and applied linguistics. World Englishes, 9(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.
Karachi, B.B. (1992). World Englishes: Approaches, issues and resources. Language Teaching, 25(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444800006583
Liao, Y., & Fukuya, Y.J. (2004). Avoidance of phrasal verbs: The case of Chinese learners of English. Language Learning: A Journal of Research in Language Studies, 54(2), 193-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00254.x
Llamzon, T.A. (1969). Standard Filipino English. Ateneo University Press.
Llamzon, T.A. (1997). The phonology of Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), (pp. 41-48). The Macquarie Library Pty. Ltd.
MacMillan Dictionary. (2018). https://www.macmillandictionary.com/phrasalVerbsOne/
Mahpeykar, N., & Tyler, A. (2015). A principled Cognitive Linguistics account of English phrasal verbs with up and out. Language and Cognition, 7(1), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2014.15.
Malicsi, J. (2007). Philippine English: A case of language drift. Ritsume, 22(1), 29-58.
Martin, I.P. (2014). Beyond nativization?: Philippine English in Schneider’s dynamic (pp. 70-85). John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Mc-Graw Hill Dictionary. (2002). verbs. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2018). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
Munalim, L.O. (2019). Subject-auxiliary inversion in embedded questions in spoken professional discourses: A comparison of Philippine English between 1999 and 2016-2019. , 14(1), 40-57.
Nadiger, B. (2016). https://www.quora.com/Is-talking-with-or-talking-to-grammatically-correct-English
Oxford Dictionaries. (2018). English Oxford living dictionaries. Oxford University Press. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/usage/compare-with-or-compare-to
Pauwels, A., & Winter, J. (2011). Generic pronouns and gender-inclusive language reform in the English of Singapore and the Philippines. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 145-158). Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Paz, R.M.O. (2020). A corpus-based analysis of prepositions of time and location in Filipino students’ written essays. International Journal on Language, Research and Education Studies, 4(1), 1-17.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A comprehensive grammar of the English language. Longman.
Schneider, E.W. (2003). The dynamics of new Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language, 79(2), 233-281. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4489419.
Schneider, E.W. (2007). Postcolonial English: Cambridge University Press.
Schneider, E.W. (2011). The subjunctive in Philippine English: An updated assessment. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 159-174). Anvil Publishing, Inc.
Tatel, F.B. (2019). One step closer to Phase 4 in Schneider’s dynamic model. Philippine Journal of Linguistics, 50, 67-83. https://www.pjl-phil.com/article/2019/50/NA/One-step-closer-to-phase-4-in-Schneider%E2%80%99s-Dynamic-Model.
Thesaurus Dictionary. (2018). https://www.thesaurus.com
Writing Explained. (n.d.). https://writingexplained.org/talk-to-talk-with-difference